Hanneke Weitering is a writer and editor with AIN covering advanced air mobility and new flight technologies. She became an aviation journalist and joined the AIN team in the summer of 2022 after reporting on spaceflight and astronomy for six years at Space.com. After earning a bachelor’s degree in physics from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, she moved to New York City to pursue a master’s degree in science, health, and environmental reporting at New York University&#039;s Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute. She is now based in Seattle near Boeing Field and spends her free time exploring nature in the Pacific Northwest.

Science & Technology Editor

Hanneke Weitering

To help the aviation industry reduce its climate impact, researchers at the University of California, Irvine, have developed a tool that they claim will enable operators to make smarter flight decisions.
In the sector’s quest to curb its contributions to global warming, aircraft operators and manufacturers have consistently focused their efforts on reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, as well as <a href="https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2024-07-20/engine-makers-and-aircraft-operators-grapple-non-co2">nitrogen oxides</a> (NOx) and <a href="https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aerospace/2025-03-25/study-targets-clarity-mitigating-contrail-climate-impact">contrails</a> that trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere.
Eco-conscious aircraft operators seeking to minimize their climate footprint often have tradeoffs to consider. For example, they can reroute a flight to avoid atmospheric conditions conducive to contrail formation, but that might increase fuel burn and emissions.
A team of researchers led by Michael Prather, a professor of Earth system science at UC Irvine, has created a decision-making tool that assesses the overall climate impact of specific aviation activities (including the production of CO2, NOx, and contrails) and identifies the most climate-friendly course of action.
“Our findings show that we don’t have to choose between reducing carbon emissions and tackling other warming pollutants,” Prather said. “We can find a balance that leads to meaningful progress.”
In calculating how much those activities warm the atmosphere—a measure known as “radiative forcing” (RF)—the model accounts for and quantifies uncertainties in those elements. For example, the RF of a contrail depends on various dynamic conditions and can be difficult to accurately predict or measure. The so-called “global warming per activity” (GWA) tool provides a decision risk curve that shows the probability of a specific tradeoff resulting in a climate benefit.
“We have always tried to build uncertainty quantification into our climate assessments,” Prather said. “But this new decision tool uses the information to provide accurate risk quantification for climate tradeoff decisions.”
Using the GWA, the UC Irvine team determined that increasing fuel burn to avoid producing contrails might be better for the planet than sticking with the most fuel-efficient route. For example, they calculated that a 1% increase in fuel burn that leads to a 4% reduction in contrail RF has a 67% chance of climate mitigation over a 100-year period. The results of the study were <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09198-2">published in the journal Nature</a> on July 2.

News about environmental issues relating to aircraft operations, including noise issues, emissisions, and regulations. See Fuel for biofuel.

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News and issues relating to the aerospace industry that are related to the science, engineering and business of flight in space involving civil, industrial and military applications, and similar topics related to flight in the atmosphere of the Earth that are not covered more directly by other AINonline subject channels. In other words, both astronautical and aeronautical subjects, except for those aeronautical topics that are specifically covered elsewhere on this website.

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