A century ago, the U.S. Navy purchased its first airplane after a series of tests in which a brave pilot–wearing inflated bicycle inner tubes as a lifejacket–demonstrated one could land safely aboard a ship and then take off from the same vessel. The date of that purchase–May 8, 1911–is considered the birthday of naval aviation. In the hundred years since, the aircraft carrier has evolved from a scouting tool to a leading strike weapon.
During World War II, the dominance of the battleship ended abruptly in three striking examples. For the loss of two outdated biplanes, the British Navy crippled three battleships of the Italian Navy in a 1940 surprise raid at Taranto. That foray served as the blueprint for the attack on Pearl Harbor, which left most of the U.S. battle fleet in ruins. Those who still doubted the waning of the battleship argued that in both cases the surprise attacks against anchored, unprepared ships limited the crew’s ability to defend them. That defense was finally and emphatically laid to rest with the sinking of the fully alerted British battlecruiser Repulse and brand-new battleship Prince of Wales by Japanese aircraft off the coast of Malaysia.